How is asynchronous programming primarily managed in JavaScript?

Asynchronous programming in JavaScript is primarily managed through Promises and the async/await syntax because these constructs provide a more manageable and readable approach to handling asynchronous operations.

Promises represent a value that may be available now, or in the future, or never. They allow developers to write cleaner and more organized code compared to traditional callback functions. With Promises, you can chain operations and handle both success and error conditions more elegantly.

The async/await syntax, introduced in ES2017, builds on Promises and further simplifies asynchronous code. By allowing developers to write asynchronous code that looks synchronous, it enhances readability and makes it easier to work with complex asynchronous flows. The async keyword is used to declare a function as asynchronous, and within that function, the await keyword can pause execution until a Promise is resolved.

In contrast, synchronous function calls block code execution until the function completes, which is not suitable for asynchronous operations. Relying solely on callback functions can lead to callback hell, making code difficult to read and maintain. Global variables do not inherently manage asynchronous behavior and can introduce risks related to data integrity and state management. This emphasis on Promises and async/await thus solidifies their role as the primary means of handling asynchronous tasks in JavaScript