Which of the following is not a programming paradigm?

Visual programming is considered not a programming paradigm in the traditional sense. Instead, it is a programming environment where users develop software using graphical elements rather than writing code line by line. This approach often involves dragging and dropping components to create applications, making it more about the tools and interface rather than the underlying principles of how the code is structured and executed.

On the other hand, object-oriented, functional, and procedural programming are all established paradigms that provide different approaches to software development. Object-oriented programming focuses on concepts like objects and classes to encapsulate data and behavior. Functional programming emphasizes the use of functions and immutable data, promoting a declarative style where the flow of the program is determined by function compositions. Procedural programming is centered around procedures or routines, organizing code into a series of callable functions that operate on data.

Each of these paradigms has its own methodologies and principles, making them fundamental concepts in the field of programming, whereas visual programming is more a development tool that may incorporate elements from these paradigms rather than being a paradigm on its own.